1. A vowel usually makes short sound when it is in between consonants. E.g bad, stop, dress, hug, lip.
2. Double consonants make only a single sound. E.g ss sound /s/ in class, ll sound /l/ in bell, ck sound /k/ in clock.
3. Digraphs and diphthongs make a single sound. E.g /ch/ in chair, /ng/ in sing, /oo/ in book, /oi/ in oil.
4. A vowel at the end of short words makes long vowel sound. E.g the, she, to, my
5. Letter 'Y' makes consonant and vowel sound. It sounds as consonant in yes, as vowel in try and baby.
6. When two vowels are together in words, the first vowel say its name, that is, it makes long vowel sound. E.g /ai/ in rain, /ee/ in see, /oa/ in goat.
7. When a vowel is followed by a consonant and then a silent 'e' , it will make long vowel sound. E.g cake. these, ride, cone, flute.
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